Halloween's origins date back
to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in).The Celts, who
lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom, and
northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1. This day marked the
end of summer and the harvest and the beginning of the dark, cold winter, a time
of year that was often associated with human death. Celts believed that on the
night before the new year, the boundary between the worlds of the living and the
dead became blurred. On the night of October 31, they celebrated Samhain, when
it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth. In addition to
causing trouble and damaging crops, Celts thought that the presence of the
otherworldly spirits made it easier for the Druids, or Celtic priests, to make
predictions about the future. For a people entirely dependent on the volatile
natural world, these prophecies were an important source of comfort and
direction during the long, dark winter.
To commemorate the event,
Druids built huge sacred bonfires, where the people gathered to burn crops and
animals as sacrifices to the Celtic deities.
During the celebration, the
Celts wore costumes, typically consisting of animal heads and skins, and
attempted to tell each other's fortunes. When the celebration was over, they
re-lit their hearth fires, which they had extinguished earlier that evening,
from the sacred bonfire to help protect them during the coming winter.
By A.D. 43, Romans had
conquered the majority of Celtic territory. In the course of the four hundred
years that they ruled the Celtic lands, two festivals of Roman origin were
combined with the traditional Celtic celebration of Samhain.
The first was Feralia, a day
in late October when the Romans traditionally commemorated the passing of the
dead. The second was a day to honor Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit and
trees. The symbol of Pomona is the apple and the incorporation of this
celebration into Samhain probably explains the tradition of "bobbing" for apples
that is practiced today on Halloween.
By the 800s, the influence of
Christianity had spread into Celtic lands. In the seventh century, Pope Boniface
IV designated November 1 All Saints' Day, a time to honor saints and martyrs. It
is widely believed today that the pope was attempting to replace the Celtic
festival of the dead with a related, but church-sanctioned holiday. The
celebration was also called All-hallows or All-hallowmas (from Middle English
Alholowmesse meaning All Saints' Day) and the night before it, the night of
Samhain, began to be called All-hallows Eve and, eventually, Halloween. Even
later, in A.D. 1000, the church would make November 2 All Souls' Day, a day to
honor the dead. It was celebrated similarly to Samhain, with big bonfires,
parades, and dressing up in costumes as saints, angels, and devils. Together,
the three celebrations, the eve of All Saints', All Saints', and All Souls',
were called Hallowmas.
Click here for more of the
History of All Hallows Eve...
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